Terrorism continues to pose a profound challenge to national security, democratic governance, and the protection of human rights across the globe. In Nigeria, the persistence of terrorist activities by groups such as Boko Haram and its affiliates has generated complex legal, social, and institutional dilemmas. While the state bears the primary responsibility of protecting lives and maintaining public order, counterterrorism measures have often raised serious concerns regarding compliance with constitutional guarantees and international human rights obligations. This paper examined the dynamic relationship between terrorism, counterterrorism, and human rights within the Nigerian context, with particular emphasis on the tension between security imperatives and the rule of law. The paper adopts a doctrinal and analytical approach, drawing on constitutional provisions, international legal instruments, policy frameworks, and reported cases of human rights violations linked to counterterrorism operations. It interrogates the extent to which Nigeria’s counterterrorism strategies align with human rights standards, focusing on issues such as unlawful detention, use of force, accountability, and access to legal remedies. The study also explores emerging dimensions of Nigeria’s counterterrorism efforts, including rehabilitation of former terrorists, terrorist financing, youth radicalization, gender considerations, intelligence gathering, and regional and international cooperation. The findings reveal that although Nigeria has made notable efforts to strengthen its counterterrorism architecture, significant gaps remain in ensuring transparency, accountability, and effective protection of fundamental rights. Excessive reliance on military responses, weak oversight mechanisms, and socio-economic inequalities continue to undermine the legitimacy and effectiveness of counterterrorism initiatives. The paper argues that a sustainable response to terrorism in Nigeria requires a right centered approach that integrates security measures with legal safeguards, institutional reform, and social development. It concludes by offering recommendations aimed at achieving a balanced framework that enhances national security while upholding human dignity, justice, and the rule of law.