Abstract

Precision aquaculture uses artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, computer vision, digital twins, and automated systems to improve aquatic animal production, feed efficiency, disease control, and environmental performance. However, its rapid growth raises concerns about data ownership, algorithmic accountability, animal welfare, employment, and the inclusion of small-scale farmers. This review examines how precision aquaculture can be governed to promote fairness, responsibility, and sustainability, with particular attention to agricultural extension and development programmes in the Global South. Drawing on research on precision fish farming, responsible innovation, digital agriculture, food governance, and ICT adoption in Nigeria, the paper examines five key areas: data ownership and control, algorithmic accountability and auditing, animal welfare, inclusive innovation and labour transitions, and adaptive governance across different levels. It proposes a Responsible Precision Aquaculture (RPA) framework based on anticipation, reflection, inclusion, and responsiveness. It also introduces a draft Responsible Precision Aquaculture Index (RPAI), comprising five pillars and twenty-five proposed indicators for assessing farms, programmes, and jurisdictions. Furthermore, the paper outlines region-specific governance pathways for the Nordic region, Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Sub-Saharan Africa. The review argues that responsible automation depends not only on technological accuracy but also on fair data ownership, transparent decision-making, animal welfare, livelihood protection, and inclusive governance. Agricultural extension systems are identified as a vital link between precision technologies and their fair and responsible adoption.